In addition, alcohol and adenosine generally have sedative effects in the CNS. ![]() 10 In contrast to nicotine and caffeine, alcohol acts as a CNS depressant. 8, 9 Nicotine is a potent activator of the sympathetic nervous system and it also enhances acetylcholine neurotransmission in the basal forebrain and dopamine release in the mesolimbic dopamine system. 7 In the brain, caffeine is a nonselective adenosine receptor antagonist that mainly targets adenosine A 1 and A 2A receptors and has agonist effects on dopamine. On the other hand, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)'s general central depressant actions are potentiated through ethanol-induced enhancement of its binding to the GABA A receptor complex. 6 On the one hand, the intake of a high dose of alcohol produces a reduction of dopaminergic and noradrenergic transmission. When a low dose of alcohol is ingested, the dopaminergic, serotonergic, and noradrenergic systems are stimulated. The effects of alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine on the central nervous system (CNS) are multifaceted, with diverse actions in several neurotransmitter systems. 1, 4 Nicotine and caffeine tend to have the opposite effects to alcohol, with the former two substances producing stimulating effects and the latter generally producing sedating effects. ![]() These drugs exert a considerable influence on the cardiovascular system 1– 3 and behavioral mood state. A lcohol, caffeine in coffee, and nicotine in tobacco are the three most widely consumed psychoactive substances in the world.
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